Category: News

It’s quite disturbing because of the growing impact of Aflatoxins on human health and the economy yet we all have a role to play in reducing the Aflatoxins in foods and their impacts. According to FAO, the biggest and best-known health effect of aflatoxin is liver cancer whereby globally, about 782,200 new cases of liver cancer occur yearly, and 83% (648,200) of them occur in developing countries, Uganda not being in Isolation.

Additionally, the country loses USD 577 million annually as a result of about 3700 aflatoxin-induced liver cancer cases. (https://www.fao.org/uganda/news/detail-events/fr/c/1628194/). These are just a pinch of Aflatoxin impacts on both the health and the economy of Uganda. Partially it’s because we as Ugandans have not done enough together with responsible stakeholders. Although much emphasis has been put on the science of Aflatoxins which has made it difficult to understand, there’s a need to understand there are several contributing factors for the rising cases of aflatoxins in Uganda i.e.:

The moral decay of society contributes to increased cases of Aflatoxins: Adherence to existing standards is still an enormous challenge. Some actors, knowing the Aflatoxin concern, still chose to for example harvest maize before drying properly and do not take time to dry it while at the stores. Actually, middlemen have resorted to buying maize directly from the garden before fully drying. Farmers are given quick cash as long as they accept a reduction in the amount they are paid per kilogram to save them from the burden of drying. Unfortunately, middlemen do not equally take time to dry the maize and other grains properly so as not to reduce weight but well knowing that storing improper dried products may provide a favourable environment for mycotoxins. The responsible ministries and enforcement agencies need to rise up to the occasion otherwise a lot is still being done.

Aflatoxins and poverty Inseparable: Looking at Schools, parents that do not have money deliver maize flour and groundnut paste to schools in exchange for payment of school dues. Many of these parents harvest undried products, and while at school, some schools do not invest enough in storage facilities so you find a number of them leaking, etc. which creates room for the growth and emergence of mycotoxins. Looking at consumption, it’s commonly the poor that prefer cheaper groundnut paste, maize and other flours, people would prefer paying less. The majority of the cheaply sold groundnut paste and flours are stored in markets for months and then sold cheaply. Sadly, each day, the seller simply tops up on the left paste to fill in the newly processed one. We need to stand up to the occasion and ensure the enforcement of existing regulations. 

Population growth rate an immediate relative to the rising aflatoxin cases: The current Ugandan population is a 48million people which grew by almost 3% from last year’s population as per the World Bank, This has resulted in increased demand for locally produced foods especially grains and their products and definitely. Unfortunately, many farmers do not have the patience to wait for the proper drying of their grains backed up by poor storage. This increased demand has also resulted in mushrooming unlicensed, unmonitored and uncontrolled processing facilities which are unfortunately breeding places for aflatoxins. A visit to many processing facilities in Kisenyi a Kampala suburb would shock you.

Much as we have each one contributed to the rising aflatoxins and related cases, we can do a number of things that range from localized awareness of aflatoxins and their effects, fight Corruption, embezzlement of funds intended to support farmer, put in place adequate enforcement of standards by required bodies, revision of Non Trade Barriers for example trucks of maize and other grains spend weeks at border points amidst poor storage and rainy weather, this needs urgent revision, government needs to set up and enforce a Quality Management Systems, involving farmers, handlers and traders strongly recommended for effective control of Aflatoxins, encourage Good Agricultural Practices, Good Storage Practices, Good Hygienic Practices, Good manufacturing Practices, set up a consumer protection law in Uganda because eexisting regulations have left the consumers helpless, especially at a time when there is increasing cases of aflatoxin related liver cancer cases, Capacity building of the actors to address the institutional regulatory gaps.

By Ajuna Tadeo

Specialist at Uganda Agribusiness Alliance (UAA)

Aflatoxins represent a serious hazard in Uganda, affecting agricultural productivity, food security, and public health. This is primarily due to a combination of factors such as warm and humid climatic conditions which provide an ideal environment for the growth of molds that produce aflatoxins, and poor agricultural practices, such as inadequate drying and storage of crops in damp conditions (Negash, 2018). Additionally, limited awareness among both farmers and consumers about the dangers of aflatoxins exacerbates the issue

Effectively addressing the aflatoxin challenge demands a comprehensive approach involving multiple stakeholders. This includes government agencies, farmers, researchers, and Civil Society Organizations. Farmers must adopt improved agricultural practices, such as proper drying and storage of produce. Government and Civil Society Organizations play a critical role in raising awareness about aflatoxin dangers among both farmers and consumers. Researchers are essential in developing new technologies for detecting and controlling aflatoxins.

The Government of Uganda has taken steps to tackle the aflatoxin issue. In 2018, they initiated the National Action Plan and Countrywide Campaign for Mycotoxin Mitigation, focusing on Aflatoxin. This program involves training farmers in good agricultural practices, providing them with aflatoxin-free seedlings and seeds, and advancing technologies for aflatoxin detection and control. By adopting a holistic approach, Uganda can minimize the impact of aflatoxins and work towards a safer and healthier future for its citizens.

By Jonathan Kabila

Project Assistant Food and Nutrition Security

In the heart of communities, where the laughter of children fills the air and the promise of education blooms, a silent threat lurks. Aflatoxins, these treacherous toxins produced by moulds, quietly infiltrate staple crops like maize and peanuts, placing the well-being of our children at risk. Yet, amidst this peril, our schools stand as bastions of safety and learning, holding the power to protect the health of the future generation. This narrative embarks on a journey to explore how schools, these hallowed grounds of knowledge, can become champions in the battle against aflatoxins, ensuring a safer and healthier environment for our beloved students.

The journey begins with the power of knowledge. Within the walls of schools, a fundamental step takes shape – education. School staff, students, and parents come together to unravel the mysteries of aflatoxins. Awareness campaigns, workshops, and seminars echo through the corridors, enlightening communities about the perils of tainted food and the means to shield themselves. With knowledge as their shield, individuals make informed choices about the food they consume and how it’s prepared (Bullerman & Bianchini, 2007).

The school kitchen, a bustling hub where culinary delights are crafted, becomes a fortress for safe food handling practices. Cleanliness, dryness, and well-ventilated food storage areas become non-negotiable. Here, vigilance takes root as grains are regularly inspected for telltale signs of mold growth. Contaminated batches are swiftly removed, and the “first in, first out” rule becomes the mantra, ensuring that older, potentially tainted food is cautiously used (FAO, 2004).

In the quest for purity, schools become discerning patrons of food suppliers. Trusted allies who uphold aflatoxin prevention measures are chosen. This alliance significantly diminishes the risk of contaminated food breaching the school’s supply chain (Probst et al., 2007).

They are regularly testing food items for aflatoxin contamination. Partnerships with local health authorities or laboratories are forged, and food samples undergo rigorous scrutiny. At the slightest hint of contamination, swift action is taken to banish the tainted products from the school’s food inventory (Doster, Michailides, & Salazar, 2014).

The school cafeteria transforms into a realm of culinary diversity. Maize, once the solitary king of staples, now shares its throne with an array of foods. Fruits, vegetables, and alternative grains make their grand entrance, enriching the diet and diluting the overall risk of aflatoxin exposure (Wild & Gong, 2010).

Beyond the school gates, a bond with the community deepens. Parents, local farmers, and agricultural extension services unite in a common cause. Together, they become the messengers of aflatoxin prevention, spreading knowledge and practices far and wide (Hell et al., 2010).

Finally, schools raise their voices, advocating for policies that champion aflatoxin control. They become beacons of change in both local and national arenas. Active participation in networks and dialogues creates a ripple effect, propelling safer food practices throughout the education sector (Probst et al., 2007).

In conclusion, it becomes evident that schools are not mere institutions of learning; they are the guardians of health and safety for our children. Aflatoxin control emerges as an integral component of their mission. Through the power of knowledge, safe food practices, trusted alliances, vigilance, culinary diversity, community engagement, and advocacy, schools rise as champions. They protect children from the stealthy threat of aflatoxin contamination, nurturing not only their minds but also their bodies, and in doing so, they sow the seeds of healthier, thriving communities.

By Kasiita Gerald

CEO Vibrant Generations Uganda

Aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic chemicals, pose a significant health risk to humans. Among the various health issues linked to aflatoxin exposure, liver cancer is the most prevalent consequence, often stemming from the long-term consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food and beverages. This persistent exposure to elevated levels of aflatoxins can lead to severe liver damage and a spectrum of liver-related illnesses. Moreover, ingesting aflatoxin-contaminated food can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases, especially when grappling with underlying health concerns. Children, in particular, are highly vulnerable to the adverse effects of aflatoxin exposure, which can manifest as stunted growth and malnutrition.

In extreme cases, aflatoxins can trigger severe poisoning symptoms like vomiting, abdominal pain, or, rarely, even death, typically resulting from exceptionally high contamination levels. Furthermore, aflatoxin exposure may harm reproductive health, potentially causing infertility and fetal abnormalities (Gong et al., 2016).

Beyond its profound health implications, aflatoxin contamination carries a substantial economic burden. This contamination can lead to substantial losses in agriculture due to reduced crop yields and the rejection of contaminated consignments in regional and international trade (Muyonga, 2020). Additionally, the health-related consequences, such as increased healthcare costs associated with treating foodborne illnesses, contribute to reduced productivity and economic strains.

To mitigate aflatoxin contamination, stringent food safety regulations and adherence to international standards are essential to ensure that food products adhere to acceptable aflatoxin contamination levels, thus safeguarding consumers. Implementing best practices in food safety, establishing monitoring programs for regular aflatoxin testing, and employing adequate food processing methods, such as sorting and cleaning, are crucial steps in reducing contamination at the consumption level. Education initiatives targeting farmers, processors, traders, and consumers can enhance awareness of aflatoxin risks and prevention methods. Regulatory authorities must rigorously enforce food safety regulations and standards for aflatoxin levels in food products.

Participation in certification programs, such as organic, fair trade, or sustainability certifications, can also provide guidelines for controlling aflatoxins. Ensuring compliance with international aflatoxin standards facilitates safe trade and minimizes the risk of contaminated products infiltrating international markets. By implementing a combination of these strategies, stakeholders can collaborate effectively to control aflatoxin levels, mitigating their impact on food safety, public health, and economic stability.

Preventing aflatoxin contamination and reducing its consumption necessitates a multifaceted approach within agricultural practices. Proper storage, drying, and handling of crops, along with regular monitoring and testing for aflatoxin levels in food products, are critical measures in safeguarding both the quality and safety of our food supply chain.

By Asha Ntabadde

Communications @CONSENT Ug

In numerous regions worldwide, particularly in parts of Africa and Asia, the age-old agricultural practice of sun-drying maize (corn) and groundnuts (peanuts) directly on the ground has been deeply ingrained in local traditions. Although this method is cost-effective and easily accessible, it conceals a latent peril – the potential for aflatoxin contamination. This article explores the ground drying process and its connection to aflatoxin contamination.

Photography Credit: Food Right Alliance

Ground drying, as commonly practised in many rural communities, typically entails spreading maize and groundnuts directly on the ground for drying. Several factors contribute to the preference for this method:

1. Cost Efficiency: Ground drying demands minimal equipment or infrastructure, rendering it a cost-effective choice for farmers with limited resources.
2. Sun Exposure: Placing crops on the ground exposes them to direct sunlight, facilitating the drying process and reducing moisture content.
3. Cultural Tradition: Ground drying is deeply entrenched in many communities as a cultural practice handed down through generations.

Nonetheless, despite its advantages, this method presents substantial risks:

1. Contaminated Soil: Placing crops on the ground exposes them to the soil, which may harbour aflatoxin-producing molds. These molds can readily infect the crops, leading to aflatoxin contamination.
2. Moisture Absorption: Groundnuts and maize can absorb moisture from the ground, especially during rainy or humid periods. Moisture is a crucial factor in mold growth, heightening the risk of aflatoxin production.
3. Lack of Hygiene: Ground drying areas are often inadequately maintained or cleaned, increasing the likelihood of contamination from external sources like animal waste and debris.
4. Prolonged Exposure: Ground drying can span several days, during which the crops remain vulnerable to contamination. The longer the drying period, the greater the risk.
5. While ground drying is deeply rooted in tradition, several measures can mitigate the risk of aflatoxin contamination:
6. Elevated Drying Racks: Encourage farmers to employ raised platforms or racks for drying, minimizing contact with contaminated soil.
7. Prompt Harvesting: Harvest crops promptly upon maturity to reduce exposure to rain and humidity.
8. Regular Cleaning: Ensure that drying areas are routinely cleaned and maintained to decrease the risk of contamination from external sources.
9. Education and Awareness: Educate farmers about aflatoxins, their health hazards, and safe drying and storage practices.
10. Improved Storage: Advocate for proper storage methods, such as the use of moisture-proof containers, to prevent post-drying contamination.

While the ground drying of maize and groundnuts is deeply rooted in tradition and has its merits, it also harbors the concealed risk of aflatoxin contamination. Recognizing the significance of food safety and public health, it is imperative to strike a balance between tradition and safety. By implementing safer drying practices, raising awareness, and providing education and resources to farmers, we can mitigate the threat of aflatoxin contamination and ensure that the food we consume is safe, nutritious, and devoid of hidden dangers.

By Esther Namirimu Robinah

Program Officer Advocacy and Communications

To address this pressing issue and explore its implications on national development, the Food Rights Alliance (FRA) organized a Write Shop on 23rd June 2023, at the Piato Hotel in Kampala. The event aimed to develop a comprehensive position paper on the far-reaching effects of aflatoxins and strategize actionable steps towards mitigating their impact.

Photography Credit: Food Rights Alliance

The Write Shop commenced with a warm welcome from Ms. Agnes Kirabo, the esteemed Executive Director of the Food Rights Alliance (FRA). In her opening remarks, Ms. Kirabo emphasized the critical role of research, knowledge-sharing, and collaboration in tackling challenges related to food safety and national development. She highlighted the urgent need for evidence-based policy formulation and implementation to safeguard the well-being of Ugandans and promote sustainable economic growth. Ms Kirabo expressed her gratitude to all the participants, partners, and stakeholders for their commitment to addressing the issue of aflatoxins and fostering positive change in the country.

Following the welcoming remarks, Esther Namirimu, the Program Officer of Advocacy and Communications at FRA, delivered an insightful overview of aflatoxins. Ms Namirimu shed light on the nature of these mycotoxins, their sources, and the various ways they contaminate food crops, particularly maize, groundnuts, and other staple commodities. She emphasized that aflatoxins not only pose immediate health risks to consumers but also hinder agricultural productivity and trade, leading to significant economic losses. The presentation underscored the far-reaching impact of aflatoxins on the overall health and development of communities, especially vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant women, and individuals with compromised immune systems.

With the groundwork laid by Ms. Namirimu’s presentation, the Write Shop participants delved into the development of a comprehensive position paper on the impact of aflatoxins on national development. The strategy aimed to ensure a well-structured and evidence-based document that would resonate with policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders. The paper’s development process involved the following key steps:

Data Collection: Participants collaboratively gathered data from various sources, including research papers, reports, and case studies, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue.

Analysis and Synthesis: The collected data was carefully analyzed and synthesized to draw connections between aflatoxin contamination, health outcomes, food security, and economic development.

Identification of Challenges and Opportunities: The Write Shop participants worked collectively to identify existing challenges in tackling aflatoxin contamination and explored potential opportunities for interventions and partnerships.

Policy Recommendations: The paper’s development strategy focused on formulating actionable policy recommendations that could effectively address the impact of aflatoxins on national development.
Engaging Stakeholders: Throughout the Write Shop, the participants emphasized the importance of engaging policymakers, researchers, farmers, and consumers in the fight against aflatoxins.

The Write Shop on the Impact of Aflatoxins on National Development at Piato Hotel, Kampala, served as a crucial milestone in addressing a critical issue affecting Uganda’s food safety and economic growth. Participants’ dedication to developing a comprehensive position paper and crafting actionable policy recommendations demonstrated a shared commitment to safeguarding public health and promoting sustainable development. The collaborative efforts showcased during the Write Shop reflect the power of collective action in addressing complex challenges and building a healthier, more prosperous nation.

As the event concluded, all stakeholders were left with a renewed sense of purpose and determination to effect positive change in their communities and contribute to the nation’s overall development. The position paper will serve as a guiding document for future interventions and advocacy efforts to combat aflatoxin contamination and drive progress towards a safer, more food-secure Uganda.

By Esther Namirimu Robinah

Program Officer Advocacy and Communications

In Uganda, where agriculture is a primary source of livelihood for millions of people, the presence of aflatoxin in crops is a critical concern. It has been a persistent issue affecting both food security and public health. In recent years, this problem has gained increased attention due to its significant impact on the country’s agricultural sector and the health of its citizens. According to a 2020 report by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS), aflatoxin contamination affects up to 80% of maize and groundnut crops in some regions. Contaminated crops not only result in economic losses for farmers but also pose grave health risks when consumed, leading to illnesses and, in some cases, fatalities.

Photography Credit: Online

The aflatoxin problem in Uganda has far-reaching consequences. It undermines food security by reducing the quantity and quality of crops available for consumption and trade. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), aflatoxin contamination results in an estimated 25% reduction in agricultural productivity in Uganda. Contaminated crops are often rejected by international markets, limiting Uganda’s ability to export its agricultural products and generate revenue.

Consuming food contaminated with aflatoxin can lead to a range of health issues, including liver damage, immune system suppression, and an increased risk of cancer. Children are particularly vulnerable, as aflatoxin exposure can stunt growth and cognitive development. According to a study published in the Journal of Food Protection, aflatoxin exposure is linked to a 7-9% increase in liver cancer cases in Uganda.

In Uganda, as in many African countries, women play a significant role in agricultural activities, including coffee cultivation. Women often contribute to various stages of the coffee value chain, from nursery management, planting, weeding coffee, irrigation, sorting cherries coffee Roasting, and brewing, however, their contribution is not recognized and still the most marginalized in the coffee system.

Recognizing the severity of the aflatoxin issue, the Ugandan government has taken various measures to address it. These include promoting good agricultural practices to minimize contamination at the farm level, improving post-harvest handling and storage, and implementing stringent regulations to ensure food safety. Non-governmental organizations and international agencies have also joined hands with Uganda to combat aflatoxin contamination. These collaborations involve educating farmers about aflatoxin prevention, conducting research on new mitigation techniques, and providing resources to support affected communities.

The aflatoxin challenge in Uganda requires a coordinated effort from various stakeholders, including government agencies, farmers, and international partners. While progress has been made in raising awareness and implementing preventive measures, more work is needed to fully address this critical problem. Ensuring food security and the health of Ugandan citizens depends on our collective commitment to combating aflatoxin contamination. As we move forward, it is imperative that we continue to invest in research, education, and infrastructure to protect both the agricultural sector and the well-being of the nation’s people.

By Lucky Brian Wamboka

Head of Program Quality and Partnerships